English Language Essays Language play in Literature

English Language Essays Language play in Literature What is the job of language play in writing? Language play, the utilization of words and language to make new and uncommon implications and correspondences, has for quite some time been utilized by writers to guarantee that their words affect perusers. Writers, dramatists and authors, both great and contemporary, use language play to summon the readers’ creative mind without tedious depictions or long clarifications. Language play bears authors the chance to state more with less, inspiring distinctive symbolism making the peruser feel the activity, as opposed to just perusing words on a page. â€Å"Literary language is not the same as ordinary language since it causes to notice some property of the language itself, and features or frontal areas it. This foregrounding shocks the peruser into a new discernment and valuation for the subject matter.† (Jeffries, 1996, p. 163) There are a wide range of sort of foregrounding utilized by creators, the majority of which are additionally viewed as kinds of language play. Out of the convention of language play comes the expression â€Å"to play on words† which as a rule alludes to the most fundamental type of language play, punning. Be that as it may, this expression can likewise be taken in this setting to allude to different sorts of language play including: allegories, metaphors, rhyme, similar sounding word usage, sound similarity, likeness in sound, and numerous other progressively specialized types of language play. Numerous writers use language play to make their own particular style, separating their words and thoughts, yet in addition themselves as essayists. These creators have utilized language play to break artistic shows and make their own abstract trademarks. One of the most eminent creators known to relentlessly utilize language play in their writing is William Shakespeare, who broke shows of topic and language use far before his time. Shakespeare’s utilization of language play has guaranteed that his plays stay pertinent right up 'til the present time, while crafted by his peers regularly seem dated or superfluous today. Shakespeare ingrained immortality in his works by utilizing various language play shows to make visual pictures for his perusers and crowds. He blended the utilization of verse and composition in his plays to check changes in the story, eminently the development from discussion to monologues. This utilization of language play is successful both when perusing the writings and tuning in to the words so anyone might hear. As text the development from writing to verse has an unmistakably unique look on the page, similarly as the beat of discourse changes when perused so anyone might hear. In his verse he frequently utilizes rhyme, similar sounding word usage (the redundancy of consonants), sound similarity (the reiteration of vowels) and likeness in sound (words that sound like the things or activities they portray, for example, fly) to make an unmistakable, important cadence inside the content. This utilization of language play inside the content likewise makes text which is eminently simpler for entertainers to discuss and recall. Be that as it may, presumably the most striking language play show utilized by Shakespeare is punning, which he used to incredible impact both in his catastrophes and comedies. â€Å"Shakespeare was a devoted punster, for funny as well as disastrous purpose†¦. A model is Hamlet’s cry: Is thy association here? Hamlet, v. iii. 340) At the point when he understands that his mom has tanked the wine bound with a harmed pearl (an association) by the man she has participated in association or marriage, in this way achieving her association with death. Here a play on words packs implications and feelings in an incredible and piercing way. (Cook, 1996, p. 220â€221). Shakespeare likewise utilized punning for comedic purposes in his comedies and sentiments. There are various instances of chat in Shakespeare’s comedies. These talks regularly fill a comedic need as well as move to create characters or shed understanding on to the plot. In Twelfth Night the nitwit or comedian character, Feste, shows up before the finish of the play to be the most shrewd and astute character, and thus he is adored and regarded by all. FESTE                  Good madonna, why mournst thou? OLIVIA                Good Fool, for my siblings demise. FESTE                  I think his spirit is in heck, madonna. OLIVIA                I realize his spirit is in paradise, fool. FESTE                  The more dolt, madonna, to grieve for your siblings soul,  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â being in paradise. Remove the dolt, men of honor. (Shakespeare, Act. 1 Scene 5) In this entry Shakespeare utilizes word recurrence to concentrate the perusers consideration on the job of Feste as the blockhead. The impact of word recurrence is that as words are rehashed they increase a more prominent impact upon the peruser, (Graddol, et. al. 1994, p. 227-228). As the word fool is rehashed all through the entry, and all through the play, it centers the perusers thoughtfulness regarding the incongruity in that the one character that can see everything that is going on inside the confused play if Feste, the simpleton. Toward the start of scene five Olivia calls for Feste to be removed in light of the fact that she doesn't comprehend what he is attempting to state, he at that point demonstrates himself to be increasingly stable of psyche then she, the genuine Shakespearean idiot. â€Å"People’s comprehension of writings not just rely upon a general information on the world, yet in addition include methodologies of understanding which are not impossible to miss to language (Graddol, et. al. 1994, p. 218). In this sense writers regularly rely upon reader’s information, presumptions and sentiments to pick up the responses they want from their perusers. Along these lines, in Twelfth Night despite the fact that Feste is alluded to as the idiot the crowd before long figures out how to hear him out for knowledge into the story. Similarly as Shakespeare utilizes language play to enhance his plays and guarantee their agelessness, correspondingly, Gabriel Garcia Marquez injects his works with inspirations of the otherworldly and strange, while staying inside the characterization of abstract fiction, instead of intersection the limit into sci-fi, albeit a large number of his story-lines could without much of a stretch be named sci-fi or dream. Marquez utilizes bizarre illustrations to make a special reality where, regularly, the past present and future correspond, yet Marquez presents his stories in such a visual and ground-breaking design, that they not don't seem abnormal. ‘Through the window he examined the ocean become sleepy in the boredom of four o’clock, and acknowledged with crushing sadness the swallows had returned,’ (Marquez, 1995, p. 20). In this section Marquez utilizes language play in various manners. Right off the bat he utilizes the reader’s presumptions of what certain words should mean and which different words they ought to be gathered with, these suspicions are alluded to as patterns and edges (Graddol, et. al., 1994, p. 216-8). Moreover he utilizes collocation (Jeffries, 1996, p. 169), which is connected to the possibility of patterns and edges, utilizing gathering irregular words to make an effect upon the peruser. In his portrayal of the â€Å"sea developed drowsy† Marquez utilizes the possibility that most perusers would consider the to be as uncontrollable and conflicts with that by depicting it as lazy, making a feeling of despairing with just a couple of words. He likewise utilizes the perusers comprehension of the expressions â€Å"heavy heart† and â€Å"swallows returning† to communicate the possibility of pity in time passing. Without saying that time has passed the utilization of the expression â€Å"the swallows had returned† shows to the peruser that it is presently spring and the character being referred to is troubled about it. The two writers figure out how to oppose being categorized by utilizing language play to paint clear unique pictures in the reader’s creative mind. They rely upon the peruser to fill in the subtleties of what they are portraying, and in doing so staying away from the need to depict subtleties which could bind them to a particular period or kind of writing. In the event that there were no language play, there would be no writing in light of the fact that there would be just a single method of saying any a certain something. Language play manages creators the capacity to customize their musings, and those of their characters, making dynamic accounts. A lot of writing is referential, yet without the utilization of language play we would just have reiteration as opposed to reference. â€Å"No text is delivered which isn't somehow or another influenced by messages, both spoken and composed, artistic and non-scholarly, that have gone before it’ (Jeffries, 1996, p. 181). It is their utilization of language as opposed to their thoughts, which set creators apart from each other. Catalog Cook, G. â€Å"Language play in English† (pp. 198-227). In: Maybin, J. also, Mercer, N. (1996). Utilizing English: From discussion to standard. London: Routledge. Graddol, D., Cheshire, J. Swann, J. (1994). Portraying Language. â€Å"7.4: Written Language.† (pp. 214-234). Buckingham Philadelphia: Open University Press. Jeffries, L. â€Å"What makes English into art?† (pp. 162-184). In: Maybin, J. what's more, Mercer, N. (1996). Utilizing English: From discussion to group. London: Routledge. Marquez, G.G. (1995) Of Love and different Demons (interpreted from Spanish by Edith Grossman). Toronto: Knopf Canada. Shakespeare, W. Twelfth Night. Act 1, Scene 5. In: http://www.shakespeare-literature.com/Twelfth_Night/5.html

Investigate the Potential Opportunity of Marketing This Brand In the Assignment

Examine the Potential Opportunity of Marketing This Brand In the UK for a Pharmaceutical Company - Assignment Example Other than this, it additionally helps in recognizing the deformities, insufficiencies just as the issues present inside the promoting exercises of the association with the goal that it may be effortlessly diminished. In this manner, advertising review helps in investigating three regions, for example, outside and inward showcasing condition just as current promoting systems. Outer promoting review The drug store market of UK by PESTEL In this period of globalization and industrialization, progression is seen in every single portion. So also, the associations working under the umbrella of drug store advertise additionally intensified its piece of the pie and development rate with a quick pace when contrasted with some other associations. Because of which, its yearly development rate (CAGR) upgraded by 15.7% just as net revenue expanded by 21.6 % in the year 2012-2013. This demonstrated incredibly helpful for the economy of UK consequently bouncing back itself from worldwide monetary downturn. It got conceivable because of the colossal commitment of the Pharmacy organizations towards the (GDP) and gross national item (GNP) of the economy. Other than this, because of the improvement of the per-capital salary of the person of United Kingdom, the buying intensity of the clients likewise expanded. This demonstrated very powerful for the Pharmacy associations in this manner enhancing its net revenue and profitability to a limited degree when contrasted with others. In addition, the execution of the fluctuated strategies of the legislature so as to make the necessities of social insurance increasingly moderate and open, likewise went about as a help for the pharmaceutical associations. Because of which the net gain and incomes of the associations working under... This paper focuses on that the results of Bursti in the serious market of UK, it’s incredibly basic to follow serious evaluating methodology. This is on the grounds that; without following such procedure, Bursti probably won't have the option to set up the brand picture and reliance inside the brains of the clients. Accordingly, the net revenue and all out offer of the results of the brand probably won't get improved that may block the altruism of the association. Other than this, Bursti may attempt to offer high consideration over promoting in order to build the degree of consciousness of the clients. This may demonstrate successful for the association in upgrading its piece of the overall industry and status This report makes an end that the example of disarranges is additionally changing quickly thus now and again the clinical experts neglect to examine the primary driver of the confusion. This implies, the turmoil may be because of hereditary qualities, diet, atmosphere or numerous different components. Along these lines, the association of Bursti may likewise attempt to build up the meds that may likewise redress the clutters emerging because of hereditary qualities or even weight control plans. At exactly that point it may adapt up to such kind of difficulties in a compelling manner consequently intensifying its efficiency and brand esteem. The creator of the paper talks that the arrangements and systems of the administration supporting Pharmacy ventures are evolving quickly. In this way, the association of Bursti needs to offer the items and its highlights in such a manner along these lines, that, it may stay continued in its position.

How to Become a Psychotherapist

How to Become a Psychotherapist Psychotherapy Print How to Become a Psychotherapist By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on November 26, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on November 26, 2019 More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy Are you looking for a rewarding career in which you can genuinely help people and enrich their lives? Becoming a therapist may be an excellent choice for you. While people often assume therapists have to earn a Ph.D. in psychology, there are a few different training and educational paths you can take toward this fulfilling career. What Do Therapists Do? The term therapist is often a used generically to describe a number of health care professionals who provide mental health services to clients. For instance, a clinical psychologist and licensed professional counselor may both work with a variety of mental health concerns in various settings. One of the primary differences in therapists is that a psychologist has a Ph.D. while a counselor typically holds a masters degree. Some career paths can also take you into a particular specialty. A substance abuse therapist works with people dealing with addiction while a marriage and family therapist focuses on relationship issues. Likewise, a licensed school psychologist works with children in a school system. A licensed social worker often works in the broader community, though this can have specialties as well. You might choose to focus on families, schools, public health, substance abuse, corrections, or the community in general. Yet another career option is to study for a degree as a rehabilitation therapist. In this path, you may do a mixture of work with mental health as well as the physical health side. It primarily involves working with people who have disabilities or injuries to help them get the most out of their lives. These are some of the more common examples and there are additional types of practice that you can pursue. If you have a particular interest, discuss it with an advisor and they can point out all your options. Begin by Assessing Your Interests and Goals While becoming a therapist might be your goal, the steps that you take to achieve it depends largely on the type of therapist you want to become. Therapists work in a wide range of settings and with diverse populations, so start your planning process by considering where you would like to work. Do you want to work with children? Becoming a clinical psychologist or licensed social worker are good options for reaching this goal. If on the other hand, you are interested in working with families or couples, a licensed marriage and family therapist or mental health counselor may be right for you. Do you want to help people overcome substance abuse problems? A degree in clinical psychology or mental health counseling might be a good option. As you might quickly realize, there are nearly as many degree options as there are job descriptions for different types of therapists. By getting a general idea of what you would like to achieve as a therapist, you will be in a better position to select a school and choose a degree option. Learn About Therapy Degree Options If your goal is to become a therapist, your first step will probably be to earn a bachelors degree in psychology. However, people with undergraduate degrees in other fields are often accepted into graduate training programs provided they make up some of the prerequisite coursework. Sociology, education, and health sciences are also good choices for students interested in becoming therapists. While an advanced degree in psychology can open up a wide variety of career options, there are several other program choices that you may also want to consider. The amount of time and training required to complete each degree varies. Ph.D. or Psy.D. in Psychology Earning a Ph.D. or Psy.D. in psychology offers perhaps the widest range of career options. Professionals who have earned a doctorate and become licensed psychologists can work with clients in a wide range of settings, including private practice. Earning a doctorate often takes between four and eight years of study beyond an undergraduate degree. Masters in Psychology In some states, individuals with a masters degree can become licensed psychologists. Masters degree holders can also work in a number of different mental health care settings. It is important to check the guidelines in your state to determine what type of services you can provide with this degree. Masters Degree in Counseling If you are interested in working with children, adults, families, or couples, becoming a licensed professional counselor can be a great choice. It requires a masters degree in counseling. The 60 credits required to complete the degree can take between two and three years. This is dependent on your schedule and the individual program in which you are enrolled. In many cases, you may also have to complete an additional 12 to 16 credit hours of training to become licensed in your state. Masters Degree in Social Work Licensed clinical social workers (LCSWs) usually complete two years of coursework beyond the undergraduate degree. It also often involves an internship and supervised experience directly in the field. Individuals with a masters in social work are often able to provide therapy to clients in a wide variety of settings and situations. Masters Degree in Advanced Psychiatric Nursing This often-overlooked degree option is a great choice for nurses who have an interest in mental health. Advanced psychiatric nurses are required to have a masters degree or higher in psychiatric-mental health nursing. This can take anywhere from two to three years to complete beyond the bachelors degree. A Word From Verywell After you have chosen the educational path that is right for your unique needs and interests, it is important to discuss your options with an academic counselor at the school of your choice. Prepare a list of questions about the specific degree requirements and state licensing guidelines for therapists. Its also wise to learn demographic information about students who have graduated from the program. With the right information and some careful thought, youll be on your way to a therapy career.

The Premise Of Foreign Policy - 988 Words

The premise of Foreign Policy Begins at Home is that the biggest threat to the United States of America doesn t come from the outside, but rather the inside. There are problems outside the United States such as China s rising power , the climate change which some powerful people refuse to believe in, terrorism going on all over the world, Iran (which has nuclear weapons available), a dangerous Middle East, and an untrustworthy North Korea that has an irrational leader. Despite all of these foreign problems which need to be taken seriously, the bigger issue that needs to be solved is inside. These problems include, but are not limited to; its increasing deficit and debt, crumbling infrastructure, second class schools, and an outdated†¦show more content†¦Having a doctrine which has a base, since we are the ones leading the globe. â€Å"No other country or groups of countries have the capacity, the experience, and the inclination to lead efforts to build global order.† (Haas) A strong and clear doctrine is necessary for being fiscally disciplined and not getting into pointless wars. â€Å"America’s lack of fiscal discipline has contributed far more to its loss of power and influence than have these wars.† (Haas) Education is important for maintaining strong and educated citizens, which can keep up with the progressive world with new technologies being introduced everyday. I agree, I believe the standardized test in the public school system are pointless and aren t done for a students best interest. Allowing immigrants into the United States is healthy because many come educated with new ideas which result in helping the economy. This I find to be very true, many of the pioneers in Silicone Valley are highly educated and are bring new jobs with their technological advances. Keeping tabs on terrorist attacks inside and outside the United States is another vital need for a leader because this is how we can protect our citizens and keep them safe. To implement these four elements one must know their know their environment in regards to doctrine, one must have general rules for theShow MoreRelatedFour approaches to the political economy development of Latin America1734 Words   |  7 Pagestwo beliefs that essentially justified US intervention in any country under the premises of fulfilling its divine right to expand and later of protecting the Western Hemisphere from European interference or attempt to re-colonize. 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The Insider Secret on Berlin Crisis Essay Topics Exposed

The Insider Secret on Berlin Crisis Essay Topics Exposed Truly, the options are endless and usually, a small overwhelming. One of the greatest methods to change anybody's mind is with an emotional investment. On the flip side, there are a few scholars who believe that in some situations it's practically impossible to fix humanitarian crises without the using forceful strategies. A number of attempts to discover a diplomatic solution were fruitless. Get the Scoop on Berlin Crisis Essay Topics Before You're Too Late Life must be quite hard, they imagine, for decent American citizens who are making an effort to deal with the influx of undocumented immigrants. For years the 2 nations were fighting a silent battle. Countries will merely accept small quantities of refugees or none in any respect. These countries mostly have a Muslim background with just a few quantities of Christians. The Bad Secret of Berlin Crisis Essay Topics If you're authentic, nobody can write the exac t essay as you! You've got an option to select one of the greatest topics for argumentative essay from our list! In order to get this done, you want to get a list of argumentative essay topics, decide on the very best for you and present strong arguments. If you are searching for examples of argumentative essays, here's a sample that will help you out! Berliners were already starting to dig in their pantries. Before actually beginning to compose your essay, you have to choose an issue to write about. If you opt to be a self-employed essay writer, you can expect the exact same. In situations when you get to pick the topic for an argumentative essay, you need to be wise and locate a title that will intrigue a reader. Click this URL to visit the 102 argumentative essay topics. Take a look at how to think of an essay topic! Whatever They Told You About Berlin Crisis Essay Topics Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why If it's necessary to write your whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. Berlin has become the main site of political. It was a conflict between the USA and the USSR together with their various allies. The Berlin blockade had a heavy effect on the beginning of the Cold War. The Cold War played a sizable part in the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Korean War provided another vital impetus in the struggle against communism. The 30-Second Trick for Berlin Crisis Essay Topics You don't need to find super technical with legal argum entative essays, but make certain to do your homework on what the present laws about your preferred topic actually say. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the main point to do is to select a topic and an argument which you can really get behind. When you are requested to pick a great topic for your argument, start with something you're acquainted with. The key to decide on a fantastic topic for an argumentative essay is to select a subject where there's a lot of debates on topics or stances. There are lots of aspects about a sport which can be argued in an essay. Argumentative essay is about arguing and debating on a subject, which is debatable. The purpose of such essays isn't to demonstrate your knowledge, yet to exhibit the important thinking and analytical skills. In the end, you also have to have the ability to go over each side of the argument to provide a rounded essay. In case you have information for a different component of the timeline project that could be used further down the webpage or on another associated page for one of the countries or organizations involved with the war. It is possible to pick topics from several lists of ready themes. The list is really endless. This list of topics may offer a concept that you could get excited about.

Cultural Frame Essay Picasso Free Essays

Evaluate the view that art reflects the social values of a particular time and place. â€Å"Painting isn’t an aesthetic operation; it’s a form of magic designed as a mediator between this strange, hostile world and us, a way of seizing the power by giving form to our terrors as well as our desires† this quote by Pablo Picasso allows the audience to delve deeper into his emotions and what has finally persuaded Picasso to enter the art world. Art reflects the social values of a particular time and place; this can be seen throughout many of Picasso’s artworks throughout time, and how he and his techniques have changed over the period of his career. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Frame Essay Picasso or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pablo Picasso was one of the twentieth century’s most famous artists. Picasso was born in Spain in 1881 and died in South France aged 92. During his life time Picasso had an enormous impact on the Western Art world. Guernica is a grey, black and white painting which reaches 3. 5 meters tall and 7. 8 meters wide. The painting shows images of people and animals suffering as well as buildings destroyed by the violence and chaos. The painting is depicted within a room where there are animals and people all over the place, at an open end on the left a bull can be seen standing over a woman who is grieving over a lost child. The centre of the painting is occupied by a horse that is falling as it has just been struck. Picasso’s art work Guernica is one of the most well-known artworks he has completed; created in 1937 this picture depicts an image responding to the bombing of Guernica by the Germans and Italians during the Spanish Civil War. Throughout the work of Guernica we see images which connect Picasso to his homeland, Spain. One of Spain’s most well known icons is the use of the bull; the bull is seen as a brave animal and is used often as a symbol of struggle, courage and victory. Bulls have been seen throughout a number of Picasso’s works as they have close relations to his past, since his childhood he has loved the figure of the bull and has used it in many images throughout his career. Picasso uses the use of the bombing in Guernica as the main theme of his artwork, using history in his art making. Throughout Picassos painting career he went through a number of periods, Picasso’s Blue period (1900 – 1904) shows a time when Picasso painted mostly in shades of blue, these works were inspired by Spain even though they were painted in Paris. These works all seemed to reflect Picasso’s experience with relative poverty and instability. Picasso’s blue period represents him at a time when he was dealing with his depression after the shocking death of his friend, although he was not there to witness this event it still had a large impact on Picasso, the drama from this event emerged throughout several of his works. One of Picasso’s early works from his Blue Period was the Blue Nude created in 1902; this painting is a part of his blue period, it shows the talent that Picasso possesses as it still managed to highlight deep feelings with the use of only one colour pallet. Blue Nude depicts the image of a woman who is sitting with her back towards us holding her knees as if she is in the search for security and comfort. These artworks allow the audience to have a deeper understanding on how Picasso has changed over the course of his art life and how issues have impacted him on his painting styles and techniques. Picasso has used his memories and feelings in his art making to show the deeper meaning of society, throughout his blue period he painted a lot of the real, raw people of Paris (e. g. prostitutes, beggars and drunks) which shows what influenced him at the time. Another one of Picasso’s artworks is Bullfight: Death of the Toreador this artwork shows a clear indication to how Picasso has progressed and moved though his periods. The artwork is full of colour and incorporates his love of bullfighting. Picasso often painted bullfights which were held on Sundays when he was unable to attend them. Interestingly this work was not painted in his home town, Spain, but painted in Paris. The painting depicts a grey house in a panicking state, the horse is painted with heavy brushstrokes which show a tonal contrast which enhances the moment we see the bullfighter’s death. The grey tones used on the horse makes the horse less obvious to the viewing audience. The presents of the horse and the man is taken up by the mass of red cape which twirls in between the bull and the fighter. The colour in this painting creates a powerful scene of energy, violence and death. This picture shows an influence to the Spanish culture, as mentioned before, the bull is an important part of the Spanish culture, the bull represents struggle, courage and victory, bull fighting was seen as a way to prepare for the war. By including the bull fighting scene in this artwork Picasso has added something which is important to him and his cultural background. Art reflects the social values of a particular time and place, Picasso show’s this through a number of his works. He has emphasised his values towards his culture by the symbols he uses in his artworks to make them personal (e. g. the bull and the use of blue tones) the personalisation of his works enable us to have a greater understanding of the message Picasso is trying to convey to the audience. How to cite Cultural Frame Essay Picasso, Essay examples

Urban Life Essay Example

Urban Life Essay Unpublished Research Report on Urban life and use of Public Space: Study of responsive public open spaces for supporting urban life in Dhaka City by Dr. Farida Nilufar Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, BUET [emailprotected] com Research Funded by: Jahanara Majid and Mahbub Alam Research Grant of Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Title of research For Urban Life, specially Dhaka City: Its Past, Present, and Future, September 1999 December 1999 (extn. July 2000) Submitted to The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 5 Nimtali, Old Secretariate Road, Dhaka. Submitted on July 2000. Abstract The urban population of Dhaka suffers from lack of proper urban facilities. The Public open spaces are needed for different functional and leisure activities of the urban dwellers. In spite of growing densification, a number of open spaces are scattered in the city. Such areas often found to be misused by anti-social occurrences, thereby resulting into dehumanized areas. Moreover, the existing open spaces are frequently threatened by encroachment. The role of public open spaces, both at community and city level, is important to improve the social ties and social control for future generations. Therefore, it seems that the open spaces need to be more effective for public interaction. Now it is imperative to know what type of spaces still exist and also to study the nature and quality of use of public open spaces by the urbanity at present in order to retain and to generate responsive spaces as needed by the future generation of the urban population of Dhaka. The present investigation has found that the existing stock of open space in not enough to sustain the need of urbanity in Dhaka. The open spaces mostly exist in the form of Urban Parks, Urban Recreational Areas and Urban Development Open Spaces. We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The utilization of the existing large open spaces, i. e. the urban parks, is overwhelming; and their impact on urban life appears to be enormous. These urban parks serve as recreational ground for the middle-income urbanity. The upper income people use those areas for their personal care; and the poor comes to earn by serving others. Besides, the Urban Recreational Areas, like small and medium sized parks and playgrounds, are frequently used by the local children and youth. The Urban Development Open Spaces also generate many activities; thereby they are helping to enhance a better urban living condition. It has been recommended that government and local authorities should urgently recognize the value of these resources. The existing open spaces must be protected by the enforcement of Environmental Laws. In order to make the open spaces responsive to the urban need, such spaces need to be well equipped. Besides, regular maintenance and control of these areas is essential to cease the anti-social occurrences and put them in successful use. 1. Introduction Public Open Space and Urban life One of the major component of urban environment is its open spaces. These open spaces may be either public or private property. Indeed the stock of urban open spaces are conserved and maintained by the government in order to serve the public need. A huge stock of open spaces is needed for urban services or utilities [e. g. water reservoirs, graveyards, garbage disposal grounds etc. ]. In addition, open spaces are also essential for the purpose of different public functions and recreational or leisure activities of the urban dwellers. Besides, for circulation purpose linear open spaces are formed as streets and roads. These three categories of open spaces in urban areas are generally designated accordingly as Utility Open Spaces, Green Open Spaces and Corridor Open Spaces. Among these, the utility open spaces are used by the urban population in a passive way. Whereas only the green open spaces and the corridors are actively used by the public. For that, these two types of open spaces are accessible to general public, thereby, termed as the Public Open Spaces in urban areas. A public open space in a city, in difference to a private space, is a place of mutual involvement beyond the immediate family circle. The scale and type of public open spaces is guided by the socio-cultural and climatic conditions of the city concerned. In Dhaka City, the urban dwellers popularly use both the streets and open spaces for different activities. Thus the linear open space of streets, other than their main objective of circulation, also serve many urban activities in our cultures. On the other hand, open spaces are mainly for the purpose of public assembly, like open market, park, plaza, play field, fair ground etc. However, this present research only focuses on the open spaces of Dhaka City, other than its streets and roads. Such open spaces appear to be either at community level for local people or at the metropolitan level for the total urban population of the city itself. In addition to the intended formal and informal public function, public open spaces have great impact on human interaction and social control by citizens sensory involvement and their participation. 1. 1. Need of Public Open Space for the Urbanity in Dhaka Cities, like Dhaka, in the developing countries are mostly built-up areas due to the pressure of rapid urbanization. Here the roads are crowded with vehicles and air is laden with lead, smoke etc. Within the junk of concrete and polluted environment the green open areas are very essential inside the city for its environmental and ecological balance. Other than this passive need, one of the primary need of open spaces in urban life is for recreational purposes during the leisure time. The importance of recreation in peoples physical, intellectual and emotional development is now undisputed. It has been reported repeatedly that one of the major reason for crime in Dhaka city is the lack of proper and adequate recreational facilities [Siddique, 1991: 315]. Indeed, recreational facilities and open spaces, which are accessible to the general public, provide an integral and necessary part of urban living, particularly in areas of high density. In our cultural and climatic context, we have the tradition to perform many leisure activities in out door spaces in urban life. Such leisure activities are Travel like walking or wandering; Personal Care and Exercise like sports, active play; Sleeping for relaxation; Eating during picnic or dining out; Social and Institutional Activities like meeting, talking, parties etc. ; and Cultural and Communication Activities like hobbies, passive play etc. For passive recreation open spaces like parks and gardens and for active recreation play fields/grounds, stadiums, open-air theater etc. are essential within a city boundary. Moreover, some functional uses like Chawk or open market, congregational fields orEidgah, political meeting places etc. have been traditionally occupying the urban open spaces in our context. In the historical city of Dhaka, commonly called Old Dhaka, large scale public gathering space was limited to a number of chawks, rather the whole city had small scale and intimate public open spaces in the mahallas. Traditionally such informal public open spaces, like street corners, court yards etc. , helped to generate local social activities and ensured social control. Similar informal and intimate open spaces are rare in new Dhaka in spite of its organic morphological character and spontaneous development. Only a few spaces are kept open in planned residential areas which are also being swallowed day by day. The scarcity of required open spaces, both in public and private realm, has restricted and changed our lifestyles to a great extent. The urbanity in Dhaka rarely gets the scope to use the urban open spaces for their recreational need. People at present are more home bound, thereby, has changed into a more individuated, self-centered, and mechanical society in turn [Nilufar, 1997]. However, in spite of growing densification of built-up areas in newer parts of Dhaka, a number of medium and large scale open spaces are scattered in the city. Such areas often found to be misused by anti-social occurrences, thereby resulting into dehumanized areas. It is believed that role of urban public spaces, both at community and metropolitan level, is important to improve the social ties and social control for future generations. The present survey reveals that the precious open spaces of Dhaka are highly used and there also remains a great demand of more open spaces in our urban life. Therefore, it seems that in a dense city like Dhaka the existing open spaces need to be more effective for public interaction; besides, more open spaces need to be created according to public need. Therefore, now it is imperative to know what type of spaces still exist and also to study the nature and quality of use of public open spaces by the urbanity at present in order to retain and/or to generate responsive spaces as needed by the future generation of the urban population of Dhaka. . 2. Objective of the Research This research mainly focuses on two integrated issues Urban life and use of public open space. The main purpose is therefore, to study of the existing open spaces and their use, in order to assess the use of public open spaces by the urbanity in Dhaka. From the present investigation, this report aims to set criter ion for the responsive public open spaces for supporting urban life in Dhaka city. The objectives of the research are, therefore, as follow, i. To locate and identify the pubic open spaces existing in Dhaka city, mostly those are under the government agencies; ii. Study the use of public open spaces at present in order to determine the impact of those spaces on the urban life in Dhaka; iii. To identify the potential pubic open spaces in the city to generate urban activities; and also to formulate some suggestions in order to retain and/or to generate responsive spaces as needed by the future generation of the urban population of Dhaka. 1. 3. Scope of the Research This present issue of Urban life and use of public open space in Dhaka city essentially incorporates different disciplinary actions like that of urban designers, planners, architects, landscape architects, sociologists, anthropologists etc. However, this report mainly confines the research inquiry within the limit of physical investigation of public open spaces and their social use. Considering the resource constrains, this present work mainly focuses on the intermediate and large scale urban spaces in the city context. In doing so, a sample of five open spaces have been selected to investigate their use by the urban dwellers. From the findings of the inquiry, it mainly attempts to outline the present situation of the public open spaces in Dhaka. It also tries to identify potential spaces to be retained and/or generated within Dhaka city which would be responsive to the future need of the urban population. Some suggestions are also incorporated at the end to improve the quality and quantity of open spaces considering the need of urban life. Further research might lead from this primary investigation in order to suggest the criterion to improve the quality of public open spaces to make them responsive and sustainable for the future urban life. 1. 3. Research Methodology In order to attain the mentioned objectives, the research has undertaken a reconnaissance survey; a number of observations; interviews with the concern authorities; and a questionnaire survey on the users. The reconnaissance survey was undertaken in Dhaka city by field visits, and data was collected from concerned authorities for identification of the existing open spaces in public use. The data has been plotted on the GIS records. A number of observations have been undertaken to characterize the existing public open spaces in terms of nature of space use. It tries to identify the factors of the open spaces itself which influences the use, such as attractiveness, size, location, access, facilities, and management of the area; surrounding land use; and climatic condition etc. In each sample area five independent observations have been undertaken, each of which was for ten minutes covering all the whole area during the peak hours of use. During the observations, the number of the static and moving people has been counted. Besides, the nature of activities, the list of supporting services/facilities, their locations and service pattern has been determined. A questionnaire survey has been undertaken to understand who use the spaces, why and how people use them. [see Appendix A] It also tries to assess the efficiency and nature of social use of the urban public places and determines the future projections. The interviews had been taken on spot; and approximately 2%- 5% of population was covered in large areas and 10% in intermediate areas . It has peaked the respondents by random sampling method. It has been identified the factors influencing the use of the public open spaces: socio-economic [demographic] character of the users, their geographic distribution and the density of surrounding tributary areas. The questionnaire mainly focuses on the followings; -purpose of the users to use/pass the spaces; extent/duration and time of use; social class and type of users; users preferences among different options; rate and extent of social crime in public open spaces; need of supporting services/facilities to generate activity. The results of the survey are presented here through simple descriptive analysis and statements are made of broad conclusions. 2. Dhaka City and its Public Open Spaces The British author James Taylor has stated in his Topography of Dacca, after his visit of 1824, that Dhaka looks like the Venice of the orient. The large open spaces with the lushness of nature surrounding the habitation; the water of the Dulai Khal flowing across the town, and the water boundary by the Shitalakhya and the Buriganga all these natural features made the city beautiful. In spite of that the town itself was congested even then with a few green open spaces inside. During the British period, Dhaka experienced a northward expansion while the peripheral green areas were incorporated within the city boundary. A green kernel was kept open at the center of the town. In doing so, in 1825, a green belt was developed by cleaning the water of Ramna Lake and by huge plantation in the surrounding areas. The Ramna Park was established in that area in 1908. A race-course was established in a vast open space near Ramna. This area was turned into the Sohrawardy Uddayan in 1972 with huge plantation. Besides, there was a large lake, called Motijheel, towards the eastern edge of the town. The areas of the then new Dhaka like Paltan, Ramna, Shantinagar, Malibagh, Kakrile, Tejgaon had thousands of trees. Towards west, Azimpur, Fulbaria, Bakshibazar, and the Dhaka University area were also very green and open. Likewise, a number of ponds and Khals were scattered all over Dhaka. During the 70s the greenery of historic Dhaka were mostly cut off and the water bodies were filled up. Except the Ramna Park and the Sohrawardy Uddayan there is no tress of central green refuge at present. These two precious green areas, which are acting as the lunges of the city, are also being swallowed by different constructions and government projects. Alike other world cities, much of the existing open spaces of Dhaka city has been inherited from a by-gone, that is the more leisured age when population pressures were modest and the land costs were a tiny fraction of what they are today. Dhakas central parks [i. e. Ramna Park, Shishu Park Sohrawardy Uddayan], thus, can be compared to the Hyde Park and Regents Park of London, and Central Park of New York. The inter-linked central parks of Dhaka and the nearby Stadium Complex become increasingly precious legacies with each passing year. Sadly, with Dhakas rapidly growing population, unless they can be replicated, their value will be diminished by over-utilization and these valuable assets permanently impoverished [Dhaka Structure Plan, Vol. -I, 1995: 84]. During 60s western planning standards recommend for 10. 5 acres of land per th ousand of population for recreational purposes [Koppelman Chiara, 1969: 203]. Experts suggested that an ideal city needs to keep its 40%- 50% of land open, or free. In developed countries of the Western World, 70% 80% of land remains open. In these days the standard is revised and it is suggested to keep 25% land of an ideal city as open and green. However, the picture is different in case of Dhaka. Here in old Dhaka only 5% and in new Dhaka 12% of land is green and open. [DMDP, 1995] It has been reported recently that the total amount of open space including its roads, footpaths, parks, play fields, tracts, lakes, ponds etc. in Dhaka is about 17 -18% of city area. [Daily Janakantha, March 05, 2000] At present there is a dearth of open space, particularly Parks and Playgrounds, in Dhaka city. Whatever provisions were made in the original plans of the residential areas like Dhanmondi, Banani, Gulshan, were gradually encroached, either by authorities themselves or by owners of adjacent lands. The same has been the fate of some of the lakes and khals of Dhaka. It is well understood that a comparison with other world cities, of different culture and different climates, appears to be a useless exercise. However, at present the local planning experts recommend for at least one acre of parks and open spaces per thousand population for Bangladeshi cities [KDA Structure Plan, Working Paper No. , 1999: 8]. If such a standard is to be applicable in case Dhaka, the city needed a stock of approximately 6 sq. miles [i. e. 3900 acres which is 11% of land area within its total 54. 5 sq. miles area] of area only for recreational purposes. However, Dhaka Structure Plan urges to have 20% of open spaces in Dhaka for its future generation [DMDP, 1995]. The population is increasing everyday, t herefore, the need is also escalating. At present it is imperative to identify the requirement and the potential open spaces for the future generation. 2. 1. Potential Open Spaces in Dhaka City The stock of open spaces in a city is important for the present and future of its urban life. To have a right picture of the present use and also to prepare future proposals it seems essential to have the facts and figures regarding the existing stock of open spaces. However, with multiplicity of controlling agencies, such figures are not readily available for Dhaka. Traditionally, the maintenance and control of open spaces of Dhaka have been shared by the authority of Public Works Department and RAJUK [previous DIT]. Being influenced by a political decision, at present, most of the open spaces and parks in local areas are handed over to the Dhaka City Corporation [DCC] authority as they collect tax from the citizens. The Arbory Culture Department of PWD only takes care of the large green areas of Dhaka. Beside these, other governmental agencies are responsible for their respective open areas like Zoo, Stadiums, Botanical Gardens etc. ; and several open spaces are under the authority of different institutions. As a result, in absence of any central control or legal binding such figures rarely determined and reported for Dhaka City. Although PWD has a list of their open spaces; it has been found that Dhaka City Corporation [DCC] has no complete list of the open spaces under their authority. Besides, the stock of open spaces under other agencies and different institutions still remains uncovered. DMDP Structure Plan claims that at the city or metropolitan scale, Dhaka has a fair representation of recreational open spaces, both for active and passive recreation, though arguably not enough. [Dhaka Structure Plan, Vol. -I, 84: 1995] At present it seems imperative to identify and quantify the available stock of open spaces in Dhaka city. However, such an endeavor needs immense resources. Within the given limitation, this present research tries to identify the potential open under different government agencies like DCC, PWD etc. within the city boundary. Data has been collected from the Zonal offices of DCC . In this way a list of open spaces has been prepared and the areas have been identified in Dhaka city map. [see attached Map] However, the attached list does not include the right-of-way, landing space, road-side island, median, round-about etc. The stock of public open spaces under DCC control is approximately 190 acres and under PWD is 302 acres. This two authority cover 0. 768 sq. miles of area, which is only 1. 4% of Dhakas land. However, many other authorities have vast areas, which also contribute to public use. The following list delineates the information collected as part of this investigation. List of Parks and Open Spaces Under Dhaka City Corporation [DCC] Zone -01 Area 1. Dhupkhola Field 9. 18 acres [includes Childrens Park, Field for East-End Club and Jagannath College] 2. Sharafatganj Park [in Community Center] 0. 46 acres 3. Jatrabari Crossing Park 1. 33 acres [Partly Swallowed for Market construction] 4. Sayedabad Park 0. 7 acres 5. Shwamibagh Park 0. 7 acres 6. Narindah Park 0. 08 acres 7. Play ground near Jurain Graveyard 2. 2 acres 8. Golapbagh Park and Playground 1. 57 acres Tikatuli Park [Fully swallowed by DCC for Community Center] Other Service Lands [DCC] Matuail Garbage Disposal Area 46 acres Crematorium [Burning Place] 1. 65 acres Zone -02 Area 9. Nabajug Sharircharcha Park 0. 06 acres 10. Bahadurshah Park 1. 98 acres 11. English Road Park 0. 33 acres 12. Sirajoddoula Park [near Nawab Yousuf Market] 0. 5 acres [DCC has planned to build Library, Gymnasium, Health Center] 13. Sikkatuli Children’s Park [Nazira Bazar Park] 0. acres 14. Bangladesh Math [Aga Sadek Road] 2. 64 acres Bangshal Crossing Park and Park towards south of Ananda Bazar [This two park could not be recognized by Zonal Office, although exist in an old list of Urban Planning Unit of DCC] Zone -03 Area 15. Gajamahal Chil dren’s Park 0. 86 acres [Near Kasaikhana, Hazaribagh Tannery Area] 16. Hazaribagh Park [Kala Sharder’s Park] 3. 7 acres 17. Nawabganj Park 2 acres [DCC has built here Library Gymnasium ] 18. Rasulbagh Children’s Park 2. 5 acres 19. Bakshi Bazar Children’s Park 0. 43 acres 20. Bashiruddin Park 0. 11 acres 21. Hazi Amil Eidgah Math 3. 67 acres [Azad Office Field-opposite Dhakeshawari Temple] 22. Amligola Bali Math 0. 28 acres 23. Hazi Delwar Hossain Play Field 4. 6 acres 24. Quazi Reazuddin Road Play Field 0. 75 acres 25. Shawshan Ghat Math 0. 1 acres Azimpur Park [swallowed by Wasa Pump Station Library cum Gymnasium] Other Service Lands: [DCC] Azimpur Old Graveyard 45 acres Azimpur New Graveyard 3. 7 acres Zone -04 Area 26. Gulistan Park 10 acres 27. Bangabhaban Triangular Park 0. 18 acres 28. Muktangan Park 0. 51 acres 29. Motijheel Park [near BRTC bldg. , DIT Ave] 0. 38 acres 30. Bashabo Play Field 2. 29 acres 31. Mothertek Play Field 1. 88 acres 32. Play Field near Brothers Union Club 0. 09 acres 33. Play Field of Khilgaon Rehabilitation Zone B 0. 2 acres 34. Park to the East the Biman Office- 35. Motijheel Car Park [Near Uttara Bank Bhaban] Zone -05 Area 36. Shahbagh Children’s Park 37. Osmani Uddayan 10 acres 38. Dhanmondi Road no. 4 Park 0. 8 acres 39. Kalabagan Childrens Park Nursery 4. 2 acres 40. Nayatola Childrens Park/ Moghbazar Park 0. 46 acres [Major area has been swallowed by the construction of Commissioners Office] 41 Dhanmondi Road No 8 Field 4. 3 acres 42. Dhanmondi Lake Side Open Area 15 acres Nimtali Park [Small road side island with play equipment, not shown in Map] Park in front of Veterinary Hospital [Small road side island, not shown in Map] Rayer Bazar Park [This park could not be recognized by Zonal Office, although exist in an old list of Urban Planning Unit of DCC] Zone -06 Area 3. Tajmahal Road Childrens Park [C Block] 0. 46 acres 44. Tajmahal Road Park [Eidgah, Play field, Park]1. 6 acres 45. Chaderhat Play Field, Johuri Mohalla, Mohammadpur 0. 86 acres 46. Bijli Mohalla Jannatbag Park 0. 31 acres 47. Khilji Road Childrens Park [PC Culture, Shamoli] 2. 86 acres 48. Iqbal Road Park 1. 43 acres 49. Kawran Bazar Childrens Park 0. 8 acres 50. Iqbal Road Field[Lalmatia New Colony Childrens Park] 1 acre [Partly swallowed for construction] 51. 9. Panth Kunja Park 0. 6 acres 52. 10. Play Field of PC Culture, Shamoli 2. 1 acres 53. 11. Humayun Road Play Filed 1. 52 acres 54. 12. Lalmatia D Block Play Field 1 acre Shahid Park [Park close to Mohammadpur Community Center, Now completely swallowed for Market construction] Shershah Shuri Lane Park Babar Road Park [This two parks could not be recognized by Zonal Office, although exist in an old list of Urban Planning Unit of DCC] Zone -07 Area 55. Mirpur Intellectual’s Memorial with Park 11. 6 acres 56. Jahurabad Field , Bisil Mouza [west to the Memor ial] 1. 9 acres 57. Shishu Mela Other Service Lands: [DCC] Mirpur Graveyard Kazipara Graveyard Zone -08 Area -All the open spaces are under Housing and Settlement Directorate. List is attached at later in this report. Other Service Lands: [DCC] Graveyard in Section 13 and 11. Zone -09 Area 58. Gulshan Taltala Park 4. 2 acres 59. Gulshan Park at Road no. 90 7. 3 acres [Includes Wonderland Park, Bonkids Nursery and Play Field] 60. Gulshan Ladies Park5. 7 acres 61. Gulshan Tank Park7. 5 acres 62. Park near Banani Road no. 7 0. 75 acres 63. Park near Banani Road no. 18 0. 6 acres 64. Play ground near Banani Road no. 011. 5 acres 65. Play ground near Banani Road no. 271. 3 acres 66. Park near Banani Road no. 13 0. 67 acres 67. Baridhara Park 2. 14 acres Play Ground in Gulshan Road no. 23 [1 acre, has been sold out to private ownership] Three Parks located in the Map on Gulshan lake side [0. 33 acres, 0. 19 acres, 0. 28 acres of land has been swallowed by private plot owners]; and Park near the Bridge, located in the Map on Banani lake side [Low land never developed] Other Service Lands Banani Graveyard Zone -10Area 68. Uttara Sector 3 Park3. 28 acres 69. Uttara Sector 4 Park3. acres 70. Uttara Sector 6 Park [Triangular]3. 9 acres 71. Uttara Sector 6 Park [Sqaurish]5. 75 acres 72. Uttara Sector 07 Park11. 44 acres 73. Uttara Sector 13 Park6. 16 acres Previous Park of Uttara Sector 01 [Swallowed by DCC for Private Plots] and the Park at Uttara Sector 12 [2. 64 acres] as shown in map is not developed. List of Parks and Open Spaces under the Arbory Culture Dept. of Public Works Department [PWD] PWD Area 1. Sohrawardi Uddayan55 acres 2. Ramna Park [including Nursery]58 acres 3. Majar of Three Leaders [beside Sohrawardi Uddayan]3 acres 4. Central Shahid Minar 3. 5 acres 5. North and South Plaza of National Assembly Building 95 acres [including National Graveyard, Officers housing Lake] 6. Chandrima Uddayan 77 acres 7. Anowara Uddayan 8 acres 8. National Eidgah Field 3 acres [Besides, all the State Guest Houses, the Bangabhaban, the Ganobhaban, The Secretariat complex, International Conference Center, and other public building like Osmani Memorial Hall, National Museum etc. have gardens and open spaces in and around their boundary. These areas are not all the time accessible to public. However, beyond the city limit National Memorial Monument of 108 acres in Savar is also maintained by PWD. Public Open Spaces under the different agencies and institutions: These open spaces are accessible to public. Here the Zones of DCC are referred for convenience, although DCC has no control on the areas. Zone -01 Park near China-Bangladesh Friendship Bridge, R H Department Baldha Garden, Old Dhaka [Ministry of Environment and Forest] Zone -02 Armanitola Play Fiel d [Owner: Salimullah Medical College] Fore Court of Ahsan Manjil Zone -03 Rahmatganj Play Field Azimpur Colony Play Field College of Leather Technology Play Field Islambagh Eidgah Math Three Star Co-operative Society Field [Amligola] Quazi Reazuddin Road Local Play Field Field adjacent to Iraqi Graveyard Lalbagh Fort Zone -04 South Goran Field near Sultan Bhuayan Jami Mosque [PWD, 1. 31 acres] Bangabandhu Stadium, Gulistan [Ministry of Youth and Sports] Zone -05 Abahani Play Field, Dhanmondi [9. 4 acres] Womens Sports Complex Field [5. 2 acres] Dhanmondi Road No. 6 [old] Eidgah Zone -07 National Parade Square, 120 acres [Air Force and Civil Aviation Department] Zone -08 Housing and Settlement Directorate: [Total Area: 5. 71 acres] Parks in Section 13 Block B [i. 0. 675 acres, ii 0. 225 acres, iii. 0. 195 acres] Park in Section 2 Block H [0. 26 acres] Park in Section 12 Block C, between Lane 9 Lane 17 [0. 55 acres] Park in Section 12 Block D, between Lane 12 33 [1 . 12 acres] Park in Section 12 Block C, between Lane 5 6 [0. 34 acres] Park in Section 1 Block F Road 1 [0. 48 acres] Park in Section 1 Block A Road 9 [0. 23 acres] Park in Section 10 Block C Lane 11 [0. 28 acres] Park in Section 10 Block C Lane 4 [0. 15 acres] Park in Section 10 Block B Lane 17 [0. 15 acres] Park in Section 10 Block B Lane 8 [0. 15 acres] Park in Section 10 Block A Lane 5 [0. 12 acres] Park in Section 10 Block A Lane 10 [0. 16 acres] Park in Section 10 Block A Lane 7 [0. 6 acres] And others are Mirpur Zoo [Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock] National Stadium, Mirpur [Ministry of Youth and Sports] Botanical Garden, Mirpur [Ministry of Environment and Forest] Zone -09 Play Field of Tejgaon Poly-technique Inst. Monumia Play field near BG Press, Tejgaon Banani Amtoli Park in Mohakhali Area Green Areas of R H Department along Airport Road Golf Club, Kurmitola [Ministry of Defense] Army Stadium, Kurmitola [Ministry of Defense] Besides, a number of O pen Spaces are maintained under different institutions and authorities in Dhaka where use is reserved. Such areas are as follows, BDR Play area and Open space Central Jail [Open space and Parade Ground] Field of Rajarbagh Police Line [State Ministry] Gulshan Shooting Range The Cantonment Board maintains a number of open spaces inside their area. There exist large play grounds with different Schools, Colleges and Universities, such as Fields of different Government Schools like, Azimpur School, Govt. Laboratory School, Dhanmondi Govt. Schools, Banani Biddaya Niketan, Khilgaon Girls High School, Ideal School College, Fakirapul TNT School, and Fields of different colleges like Eden College, Dhaka College, Titumir College, Notredame College etc. Play Fields of Dhaka University [Two nos. ], BUET Play Field. There are also many fields inside different Government Quarters like: Baily Road Colony, Azimpur Colony, Sukrabad Colony etc. 2. 2. Typology of Public Open Spaces in Dhaka City All open spaces are classified for planning purposes according to the nature of the land and the type of open space use. According to western standards, all the open spaces in urban areas falls under four types : i. Utility Open Spaces, ii. Green Open Spaces; iii. Corridor Open Spaces and iv. Multi-use Classification etc. Each of these major types has a number of categories according to functional land use. [Koppelman Chiara, 1975: 42] Among these, the type of Public Open Spaces, which are the concern of this present research, fall under the category of Green Open Spaces. This category of green open spaces is based on open spaces where the natural site or condition lends itself most advantageously to use for recreation, parks, building sites, non-extractive uses, and to shape urban development. The use may be limited or intensive, active or passive, large or small. According to Koppelman Chiara [1975], this type comprises of the following categories of open spaces. However, first two categories of green open spaces can not be located inside cities because they need large scale spaces. Last four categories are essentially located within the cities. Another open space hierarchy was suggested by Greater London Council, GLC [Roberts, 1974: 340]. All the four types of GLC standards fall under the category of Urban Recreational Areas of the former group. The GLC standards are as follows; Urban Recreational Open Spaces None of the western standards are comparable to the case of Dhaka. However, considering the nature of the land and the type of open space use, all the public open spaces within Dhaka City can be ordered under the following four categories. Urban Parks: